The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of eleven epiphytic lichens species preferring large old-oaks in a heterogeneous landscape, and to identify the spatial scales, in the range of 30 to 1200 m, that different factors affect species occurrence on. The study was conducted in one of the few remaining landscapes in Northern Europe with a high density of old oaks: the province of Östergötland, southeastern Sweden (Antonsson and Wadstein 1991). This area, with its mix of semi-natural grasslands, arable fields, forests and urban areas, is known as an important area for oak-dependent organisms including lichen species persistence, growth and colonization (Ek and Johannesson 2005, Johansson 2008, Johansson et al. 2009).